So you’re not talking about verifying anything, just validating that the data meets an expected format.
Discourse isn’t going to do this for you, you might be able to achieve validation with a plugin, but even then there’s nothing to prevent someone entering bad data in an expected format just to bypass said validation.
Your only real option is to look at something off-site or create a genuine incentive for users to provide real data. Right now you’re fixating on a symptom (not getting the data you want), not the root of the problem (giving users a real and compelling reason to provide it).