You were absolutely right. My docker was completely installed incorrectly.
I instead decided to use just apt install docker.io and snap install docker but that was the wrong way.
I completely removed docker with these steps:
snap remove docker
rm -R /var/lib/docker
sudo apt-get remove docker docker-engine docker.io
After that, I followed the exact Docker CE installation steps here.
All-in-all, my Docker was installed incorrectly, and did not have the appropriate permissions to work correctly.
Also to note, I am still able to use the custom ports and CloudFlare.