How can I stop Discourse from altering my Forum's design?

I can’t say the specific reason why that happened, maybe some new discourse update (or some theme or plugin you use) changed the css. Are you using a custom theme?

What can help you (if you can change the css of your site) is removing (or changing) the margin applied to the logo (at .ember-view > a.category-title-link > div.category-logo.aspect-image in the html explorer for each category item):

.category-logo.aspect-image { 
    ...
    margin: 0.33em 2em 2em 0; # remove
}

The above css causes the descriptions to go to the right, if you remove and then apply a left margin and remove the left padding of the description to stay aligned it should fix your issue (I haven’t done expensive tests tough):

.categories-list .category .category-description {
    margin-left: 75px;
    padding: 0;
}

As to why that happened and if it will happen (something similar) in the future, maybe the discourse team can give a better explanation.