Faced the same issue just now with a YubiKey 5C NFC (5.4.3) and a YubiKey Security Key (the blue ones) with Arc Browser i.e. Chromium (122.0.6261.57) on macOS.
I did the same with Safari and it worked just fine. And just like in your case, using those Passkeys raised no issues with the Chromium browser as well.