At the moment there is nothing built into Discourse. The general practice is to:
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Include a “hidden” gif in all emails and use it for tracking, but unfortunately even that has a bunch of false positives cause programs like gmail will preemptively cache images.
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Re-wrap all links with a special “tracking” param so you can see who clicked on what link.
I can see us potentially addressing (2) so you can figure out who clicks on which links. But am a bit uneasy about (1).