No real way of doing this but a great idea for a feature, we could formalize what we do for the trust_level groups and extend it to other badges if you wish. As it stands only way of doing that is with a plugin.
Another option would be to extend groups to allow them to be dynamically defined based on a query, which is also fairly flexible.
I like the idea here, but its a bit of work and you would need a plugin if you wanted the feature right now.