I can confirm this behavior on at least two sites I’ve set up recently. Something is wrong with git.docker.com and it fails to load overlay2 by default like it has for years.
Create /etc/docker/daemon.json with this content:
{
"storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
then
sudo systemctl restart docker
It should work after that. You can check that it’s installed with
docker info --format '{{.Driver}}'