非常感谢！
确实，我忘了添加代码片段。
不幸的是，我遇到了以下错误：
Aws::S3::Errors::InvalidArgument: 无效参数。
这与我在使用 Web UI 时遇到的错误非常一致，但没有太多信息可以解决这个问题……
我找到了这个帖子，其中建议可能与 Google 存储与 Amazon S3 存在不兼容性。
这是否可能导致 Google 存储出现问题？
手动运行任务时的完整堆栈跟踪：
root@discourse-2-app:/var/www/discourse# sudo -E -u discourse bundle exec rake s3:upload_assets --trace
** Invoke s3:upload_assets (first_time)
** Invoke environment (first_time)
** Execute environment
** Invoke s3:ensure_cors_rules (first_time)
** Invoke environment
** Execute s3:ensure_cors_rules
Installing CORS rules...
skipping
** Execute s3:upload_assets
Uploading: assets/docker-manager-app-ecd2975f42c4096057a046c086d6a43905c8a18442900d5293ae9a3489422bb0.js
rake aborted!
Aws::S3::Errors::InvalidArgument: 无效参数。
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/seahorse/client/plugins/raise_response_errors.rb:17:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-s3-1.114.0/lib/aws-sdk-s3/plugins/sse_cpk.rb:24:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-s3-1.114.0/lib/aws-sdk-s3/plugins/dualstack.rb:27:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-s3-1.114.0/lib/aws-sdk-s3/plugins/accelerate.rb:56:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/aws-sdk-core/plugins/checksum_algorithm.rb:111:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/aws-sdk-core/plugins/jsonvalue_converter.rb:22:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/aws-sdk-core/plugins/idempotency_token.rb:19:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/aws-sdk-core/plugins/param_converter.rb:26:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/seahorse/client/plugins/request_callback.rb:71:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/aws-sdk-core/plugins/response_paging.rb:12:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/seahorse/client/plugins/response_target.rb:24:in `call'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-core-3.130.2/lib/seahorse/client/request.rb:72:in `send_request'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-s3-1.114.0/lib/aws-sdk-s3/client.rb:12369:in `put_object'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/aws-sdk-s3-1.114.0/lib/aws-sdk-s3/object.rb:1472:in `put'
/var/www/discourse/lib/s3_helper.rb:75:in `upload'
/var/www/discourse/lib/tasks/s3.rake:37:in `block in upload'
/var/www/discourse/lib/tasks/s3.rake:36:in `open'
/var/www/discourse/lib/tasks/s3.rake:36:in `upload'
/var/www/discourse/lib/tasks/s3.rake:192:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
/var/www/discourse/lib/tasks/s3.rake:191:in `each'
/var/www/discourse/lib/tasks/s3.rake:191:in `block in <main>'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:281:in `block in execute'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:281:in `each'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:281:in `execute'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:219:in `block in invoke_with_call_chain'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:199:in `synchronize'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:199:in `invoke_with_call_chain'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/task.rb:188:in `invoke'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:160:in `invoke_task'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:116:in `block (2 levels) in top_level'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:116:in `each'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:116:in `block in top_level'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:125:in `run_with_threads'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:110:in `top_level'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:83:in `block in run'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:186:in `standard_exception_handling'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/lib/rake/application.rb:80:in `run'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/gems/rake-13.0.6/exe/rake:27:in `<top (required)>'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/bin/rake:25:in `load'
/var/www/discourse/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.7.0/bin/rake:25:in `<top (required)>'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb:58:in `load'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb:58:in `kernel_load'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/cli/exec.rb:23:in `run'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/cli.rb:485:in `exec'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/command.rb:27:in `run'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/invocation.rb:127:in `invoke_command'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor.rb:392:in `dispatch'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/cli.rb:31:in `dispatch'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/lib/thor/base.rb:485:in `start'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/cli.rb:25:in `start'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/exe/bundle:48:in `block in <top (required)>'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb:120:in `with_friendly_errors'
/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.7.0/gems/bundler-2.3.20/exe/bundle:36:in `<top (required)>'
/usr/local/bin/bundle:25:in `load'
/usr/local/bin/bundle:25:in `<main>'
Tasks: TOP => s3:upload_assets
PS：我没有考虑更换存储桶，但想知道虚拟机磁盘上之前上传的图片会怎么样。
编辑（已解决）：
@gerhard @Falco
我通过启用 http_wire_trace 找到了问题所在。
来自 googleapis 的无效参数响应解释了原因：
当启用了统一存储桶级别访问时，无法为对象插入旧版 ACL。在此处了解更多信息：Uniform bucket-level access | Cloud Storage | Google Cloud
我启用了存储桶的精细 ACL，而不是统一 ACL，因为上传期间设置的标头指定它是公开的。（我有一个统一的 ACL，并将整个存储桶设置为公开）
我无权更新 OP，但我认为它应该提到，为了让 Google 存储桶正常工作，服务帐户需要在备份存储桶上拥有 Storage Legacy Bucket Owner 角色，并且上传存储桶需要使用精细 ACL。
希望这能为社区节省时间。
再次感谢 @Falco @pfaffman @gerhard @tuanpembual 的帮助。