¿Cómo añadir datos adicionales de 'opts' al evento "DiscourseEvent.on(:post_created)" desde JavaScript?

When the property is set depends on how you’re setting it. Post your code for that here, i.e. whatever you’ve put inside api.modifyClass('model:composer', {}).

Keep in mind that when you’re modifying a class on the client, you’re using Ember. If you haven’t already, I suggest a quick peruse of the Ember Guide to see the various hooks and methods available to you in a model, or the controller.