Quais são as configurações corretas para usar o bucket S3 (com URL não-Amazon)?

Did you read this yet? I struggled with setting up S3 and Cloudflare as well but eventually figured it out. You can still use Cloudflare for its security benefit, but I’m pretty sure you need a separate CDN service as well. Cloudflare isn’t like a normal CDN, it works differently. You should move to a cheaper S3 service, Amazon is expensive.