PG/SQLエラーのためバックアップに失敗しました

Yes, it will not restore on your current configuration, as I understood you.

Have you tried using that backup to restore after a full fresh install, as I mentioned?

First, install Discourse from scratch, make sure it is 100% up and running with a PG10 install tempate.

Then, take your latest backup and restore that backup (from the command line, not the UI).