Emails are not threaded in Outlook 2013

As far as I know it is created by the first SMTP server when it is missing. Maybe this could help; it should be possible with action mailer.

That is not that bad. I just tried it on a mailman mailinglist in my inbox. I deleted the parent message and the threading did not break because the References headers are fine. Maybe also this commit description here could help a bit: https://projects.archlinux.org/aur.git/commit/?id=8658bf22aac73ed8d32d3f998c3c13528f415ffe

see here:

   Note: Some implementations parse the "References:" field to display
   the "thread of the discussion".  These implementations assume that
   each new message is a reply to a single parent and hence that they
   can walk backwards through the "References:" field to find the parent
   of each message listed there.