Time to report a bug against that AMI, then.
The two issues linked to in this post were #9572 (filed in 2014 and not XFS specific) and #27358 which was acknowledged as not a Docker bug (and which led to the change to make it obvious in docker info that Supports d_type: false).
This is not a bug in Docker. You are running a configuration that does not work, and absent some changes to the kernel, cannot work. Your options are as previously described in this post.