You could try putting together a plugin eg.
plugins/progress/plugin.rb
# name: progress
# about: allow progress tags in posts
# version: 0.1
# authors: Mittineague
# url: http://localhost.com:4000/
register_asset "javascripts/progress.js.es6", :server_side
plugins/progress/javascripts/progress.js.es6
Discourse.Markdown.whiteListTag("progress", "class", /d-prog/);
Discourse.Markdown.whiteListTag("progress", "max", /[0-9\.]+/);
Discourse.Markdown.whiteListTag("progress", "value", /[0-9\.]+/);
i.e. “tag”, “attribute”, /acceptable values/
* the trickiest part may be getting the regex right