Anything starting with a :
is a named parameter meant to be replaced by mini_sql prior to being sent to the DBMS, it’s not valid SQL by itself.
Example, see [2] below:
[1] pry(main)> User.find_by(username: 'anon43915857').id
=> 5
[2] pry(main)> DB.query(
"SELECT id FROM users WHERE username = :username",
{ username: 'anon43915857' }
).first.id
=> 5
[3] pry(main)> DB.query(
"SELECT id FROM users WHERE username = ?",
'anon43915857'
).first.id
=> 5