I don’t think so. The easiest way to think of the API is that there is an endpoint for everything that is displayed in the user interface. Unless you are finding a way to view recently edited posts in the UI, it’s unlikely there is an API endpoint for it.
Depending on your use case, you could setup a Post Event webhook to point to an external service. To find edited posts, check the webhook’s X-Discourse-Event header. Edited posts will have that header set to post_edited.