If your staging/production site is already updated to PG 15, you can pull a backup from there.
Alternatively, you could try to manually update your local data files. This might help:
cd discourse
mkdir data/postgres_new
docker run --rm \
--entrypoint=/bin/bash \
-v "$(pwd)/data/postgres":/var/lib/postgresql/13/data \
-v "$(pwd)/data/postgres_new":/var/lib/postgresql/15/data \
tianon/postgres-upgrade:13-to-15 \
-c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y postgresql-13-pgvector postgresql-15-pgvector &&
docker-upgrade"
mv data/postgres data/postgres_old
mv data/postgres_new data/postgres
docker run --rm -v "$(pwd)/data/postgres":/postgres \
discourse/discourse_dev:release chown -R postgres:postgres /postgres
(If you’re using an ARM-based processor, you’ll have to build your own image.)