How to set global font size in Discourse?

Right, all font sizes cascade from the 14px set on the HTML tag — so you can bump everything up proportionately by doing

html {
  font-size: 16px;
}  

or if you just want to increase the font size of a specific section, that still works too — just find a parent container and apply a font size there. For example, posts:

.posts-wrapper {
  font-size: 16px;
}