If the site is function properly, badges should either be granted soon after a user acts on a post, or within 24 hours of when the user took the action that the badge is granted for.
Badges that should be granted shortly after a user acts on a post include:
“First Reply By Email”,
“Popular Link”,
“First Onebox”,
“First Link”,
“Nice Post”,
“First Emoji”,
“First Flag”,
“First Like”,
“Nice Share”,
“Good Share”,
“Great Share”,
“Good Post”,
“Great Post”,
“Nice Topic”,
“Good Topic”,
“Great Topic”,
“Hot Link”,
“Famous Link”,
“First Share”,
“First Quote”,
“First Mention”,
“Helpdesk”,
“Wiki Editor”,
“Welcome”
Badges that are only granted once every 24 hours include:
“New User of the Month”,
“Aficionado”,
“Devotee”,
“Reader”,
“Enthusiast”,
“Read Guidelines”,
“Certified”,
“Licensed”,
“Gives Back”,
“Basic User”,
“Anniversary”,
“Autobiographer”,
“Appreciated”,
“Respected”,
“Admired”,
“Thank You”,
“Editor”,
“Promoter”,
“Empathetic”,
“Out of Love”,
“Higher Love”,
“Crazy in Love”,
“Great contributor”,
“Amazing contributor”,
“Campaigner”,
“Committer”,
“Champion”,
“Member”
If it is taking much longer than 24 hours to be granted the badges from the second list, it could indicate that there is an issue with background jobs running on the site.