What you’ll need to do is use ./launcher to build your container and then launch it with portainer, passing all of the environment variables needed.
See Can Discourse ship frequent Docker images that do not need to be bootstrapped? for more discussion.
The easy solution that you can get free help with is to follow the official install instructions. If you need help with portainer and have a budget you can ask in marketplace or contact me. I’m not familiar with portainer, but have built containers to launch with other tools.