I’ve just merged a fix for the plugin:
The image column was removed from Badge in UX: Add image uploader widget for uploading badge images (#12377) · discourse/discourse@a23d0f9 · GitHub, and we partially updated the plugin then but missed some places.
While we endeavour to keep core changes from breaking plugins, sometimes we either miss usages or our plugins are lacking test coverage (we run tests for all official plugins every time a change is made to core). In the commit above I added more tests to the discourse-user-card-badges plugin to prevent any similar issues in future.