Yes, with the upcoming light and dark palette support, this will be easy to do. As @Moin points out, this kind of thing is already possible, but it’s not the most intuitive way of doing it.
With the upcoming changes, all palettes will have a light and a dark mode as part of the palette. That includes colour palettes that come with themes, as well as those you can create and edit in the admin. You will be able to choose defaults as needed.