Yes, you can have badges for successful Math posts without having to modify the plugin.
First you will need to enable Badge SQL can no longer be edited by default on your site.
After that create a new badge that triggers on the following query:
SELECT user_id, MIN(id) AS post_id, current_timestamp AS granted_at
FROM badge_posts
WHERE cooked LIKE '%<span class="math">%' AND (:backfill OR id IN (:post_ids) )
GROUP BY user_id