I’d like to start developing for Discourse, where should I begin?

After starting to get into this recently, I agree with Jay @pfaffman.

The best place to start is with theme components

Some reasons (others can give better reasons, here are mine, OTTOMH):

  • theme components are easy to develop and changes can be seen quickly without without a super web dev setup

  • theme components are powerful and a lot can be done with them, including adding javascript libs easily

  • theme components are easy to add your own Javascript code and selectors, so you can easily use the inspector to help you create a selector and insert elements like divs (your fav divs).

Then, after you get familiar with, and have fun with theme components, you can start to get deeper into plugin development.

It a logical way / progression to improve your discourse dev skills and learn the ropes.

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