Docker update broke install (DigitalOcean)

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Docker Update Issue on DigitalOcean

waffleslop experienced issues after updating Docker on their DigitalOcean droplet, resulting in their Discourse install becoming unresponsive. After attempting to clean out Docker files and restart, they encountered an error when trying to run dockerd &. Running sudo dockerd --debug revealed more error messages. The site remains offline, and waffleslop is seeking help to resolve the issue. Moin has suggested a possible solution in a separate thread: https://meta.discourse.org/t/fix-discourse-installation-on-digital-ocean-that-broke-during-docker-update/315474/3.

I went into the GUI admin panel today and saw my Discourse install needed to have Docker updated. I clicked the Update button and it seemingly completed its installation as usual. Then I had other Discourse items to update (I cannot recall which) and tried to update one. It didn’t work. I tried another… didn’t work. So I logged into my server (Digital Ocean droplet) and connected via Console. I was greeted with a message that a restart was required, so I restarted.

Then the site never came back online.

I am inside the Recovery Console and it seems like a Docker issue. Running Discourse Doctor, I see:

I have attempted to clean out all Docker files (I have a persistent file at /var/lib/docker/overlay2 that I was unable to delete, but able to move to …/overlay2_backup)

When I try to run dockerd &, I get the following error:

Here is my Docker version:
image

It seems Docker is not running (as it errors).

Running sudo dockerd --debug, I see:

Can anyone help me get Docker running, please?